INTERNAL COMMAND OF DOS

during boot-up computer reads dos system files froms the dos system disk. In this process, internal command are loaded in memory (ram). These command reside in memory as long as computer remains on. When computer power is switched off , these commands vanish from the memory.

When an internal command is executed(i.e. it is issued from the key board at the dos prompt and enter key is pressed), computer reads the command directly from ram to perform the task. Since these commands reside in ram, they are also called ram – resident commands.

operating system

_{MS – DOS ( Microsoft Disk Operating System):}

_{An Operating System Used On All Personal  Computers And Compatibles. As With Other  Operating Systems, Such As OS/2, It Translates User Keyboard Input Into Operations The Computer Can Perform. MS – DOS Can Be Easily Accessed By Using The Command Prompt, While MS – DOS Based Programs Can Be Accessed Through The Use Of Shortcuts On The Desktop.}

how to search engines works

A Search Engine Operates,In the following Order:
web search engines work by storing information about a large number of web pages, which they retrieve from the WWW it self. these pages are retrieved by a Web crawler (sometimes also known as a spider)__an automated Web browser which follows every link it sees.

what is internet

1. Browsing the webpage:
     World Wide Web:
      Through kyword-driven Internet research using search engines like Google, millions worldwide have easy, instant access to a vast and diverse amount of online information. Compared to encyclopedias and traditional libraries, the internet has enabled a sudden and extreme decentralization of information and data.

A website:

A website, Web site or WWW site (often shortened to just site) is a collection of WebPage,that is, HTML\XTML documents accessible via HTTPP on the Internet; all publicly accessible websites in existence compries the World Wide Web. The pages of a website will be accessible from a common root URL, the homepage, and usually reside on the same physical server.

A Web Browser:

A web browser is a software application that enables a user to display and intract with HTML documents hosted by web servers or held in a file system. Popular browsers available for personal computers include Microsoft Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefoxe, Opera and Safari. A browser is the most come only used kind of user agent. The largest networked collection of linked documents is known as the World Wide Wide.

INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET

INTERNET:

Internet, the, internation computer network linking together thousands of individual networks at mititary and government agencies, educational institutions, nonprofit organizations, industrial and financial corporations of all sizes, and commercial enterprises (called geteways or service provders) that enable individuals to access the network. The most popular features of the Internet include electronic mail (e-mail), discussion groups (called newsgroups or bulletin boards, where users can post messages and look for responses on a system called Usenet), on-line conversations (called  chats), advanture and role-playing games, information retrieval, and electronic commerce (e-commerce).The Internet, or simple the Net, is the publicly available worldwide system of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using a standardized Internet protocol (IP) and many other protocol.

It is made up of thousands of smaller commerical academic domestic and government networks, It carries various information and services, such as electronic mail, online chat and the interlinked web pages and other documents of the world wide webs. Because this is by far the largest mst extensive internet (with a small i) in the world it is simple called the internet (with a capital i). the public informantion stored in the multitude of computer networks connected to the internet forms a huge electronic library but the enormouse quantity of data and number of link computer network also make it difficult to find where the desired informantion resides and then to retrieve it. 

Step-By-Step Instructions For Creating a Catalog Merge

The following procedures provide detailed step-by-step instructions for creating a catalogmarige.

Before You Begin:Set Up The Page For Your Catalog Marige Template:

     1. One the File menu, click New.

     2. In the New Publication task pan, do one of the following;

     o   To create marged pages for a print publication, click Blank Print Publication.

     o    To create marged page for a web publication , click Blank web page.

     3.  Set the page size and orientation you want for the merged  pages in your final publication.

     how?

      o One the File manu. click Page Setup.

      o  In the Page Setup dialog box. select the options that you want. and then click OK.
     Select A Merge Type:
      1. on the tool menu, point to Mail and Catalog Merge, and then click Mail and Catalog Merge Wizard.
      2. In the Mail and Catalog Merge task pane, under Select a merge type, click Catalog Merge.
      3. Click Next : Select data source.

               

Select Data Source:

1. In the Mail and Catalog Merge taske pane (Step2:Select data source), click Browse. By default, Publisher opens the My Data Sources folder.

TYPES OF COMPUTERS:

1. DIGITAL COMPUTER:
  Computer consists of electronic circuits, prined circuits and integrated circuits. these are very fast and consume very little energy. For example digital watches, Calculaters, computer etc. these computers are of the following two types.
a) General Purpose computers.
b) Special Purpose computers.

a.General Purpose Computers:
     Such Computers can perform a variet of different functions such as typing a latter . file managemant, data-base-managemant, payroll processing, graphics etc. Personal computer (PC) is a general purpose computer.

b. Special Purpose Computers:
    These computers are designed to carry out one specific task. Such computers were not used for other purpose except for the designed one. for example watches, Cameras, TVs and VCRs have such types of computers fitted in them.

2. ANALOG COMPUTERS:
 such computers are made of machanical parts as well as electronic parts. They accept data in physical form , perform scientific operation and then represent this on a suitable indicator. analog data includes temperature, perssure, speed, distance, current, voltageetc.

3. HYBRID COMPUTERS:
these computers have feature of both analog and digital computers, These computers are generally used for scientific application and in industrial control processor. Hybrid computer are also used in missiles, spaceships and military weapons.

Five 5 Computer Generations

1.First Generation (1951-1958) - The Vacuum Tube.
     In this generation of  computer vacuum tubes were used. because of computer was big in size  for example that times computer ENJAC weighted 30 ton and it occupied 80*50 square feet place it was so expensive that an ordinary person could no buy it and for its use many persons were needed and the speeds of these computers were very slow.
                

                                     Characteristic;                                 a)  Comparatively large in size as compared to present day computers                                          b) Generated lot of heat, they were not consistent andreliable as the values lended to fail frequntly.  c) low capacity internal storage.    d) Individual non- related models.  e) processor operated in the milliseconds speed rang.                  f) Internal storage consiste of magnetec drum and delays lines     2.Second Generation (1959-1964)                 the transistors;                   In this generation instead of tube vacuum tubes transistor were used. one transistor can perform work of two vacuum tubes and they are 50 times smaller than the tubes these transistors also use less electric power then the tubes so less heat produced.

CHARACTERISTICS;

a) smaller in size compared to the first generation computers.

b) Generated a lower level of heat, as components were much smaller.

c) Greater degree of reliability because of solid state technology.

d) Higher capacity of internal storage.

e) Use of core storage instead of magnetic durm and delay lines.

f) Related series of processors- the family concept.

g) processor operated in the microsecond speed.

h) High cost direct accesses storage.

3.Third generation (1965-1970)- The integrated Circuit;

In this generation transistor replaceed by IC"s  integrated Circuits ordinary IC is more or less one inch long and they work equal to 800-1000 transistors. this is the reason that these computers were thousand times faster pervious generations computers.

 characteristics;

a) smaller in size compared to the second generation computers.

b) High capacity internal storage.

c) Remote communication facilities.

d) Multiprogramming facilities.

e) Reduced cost of direct access storage.

f) Pprocessors, which operate in nanosecond speed rang.

g) Ranges of computers with a common architecture whereby models were pward compatible.

h) Use of high level language such as COBOL.

i) Wide range optional peripherals.

4.Fourth Generation (1971-1990) - The Microprocessor.

After 1970 large scal integrated technology was  introduced. in this generation instead of IC, LSI chip which was called Microprocessor chip were used computer related to this generation are of very high speed in its making expenses are less due to which they were made in large number

Characteristics:

a) Increase input/output capacity longer component life as well as greater system reliability.
b) powerful language were developed to broaden the use of multiprogramming and multiprocessing.
c) batch processing to online remote interactive processing.
d) develoment of microprocessor chip which contain an entire central processing unit on a single silicon chip.
e) The fourth generation computers called microcomputer.
f) large integrated circuits has made the fourth generation (micro) computers very compact much less expensive faster more reliable and of much greater data processing.

5.Fifth Generation (1991-onwards)
In this generation parallel processor and ULS(Ultra Large Scale Integration) Technology was introduced. with the help of these computers complicated theorem of science can be solved. They are also being used in nuclear and space technology.

Characteristics;

1. The artificial intelligence.
2. Automatic programming.
3. Connectivity.
4. Controle of Robots.
5. Computer made easy and natural to use.
6. problem solving systems.

the end

( Basic of computer ) ( a complete tutorial)

                                                          CHAPTER -1  

                                        E.D.P (ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING)                                               1.BASIC OF COMPUTERS;

computer;

A computer is an electronic device used to process data converting the data into information that is useful to people Any computer regardless of its type-is controlled by programmed instructions, which give the machine is  purpose and tell what todo.
History of computer;
                                                                                                                                                                               

                    History of computers consists of three ages;
                     1.Dark Age (3000B.C.to 1890 A.D)
                     2.Middle Age (1890 to 1944)
                     3. Modern age (1944 onwards)
Throughout history man has constantly looked for ways of making calculation easiest .for this purpose man developed and invented different types of machines to make calculation simplest.
               1.B.C.Abacus-China
               2.1600-Napier Bones-John Napier- Scotland
               3.1642- Adding Machines Blaise Pascal-france
              4.1692-Multiplying machine gottfried-leibniz-germany
              5.1800-Jacquard loon joseph marie jacquard-france
              6.1813-Difference engine-charles babbage-england
              7.1863-Analytic engine- charles babbage england
              8.1896-Punch card machine Dr. herman hallerith- US.A

          Early Electronic computers;
                   1.1930-Turning Machine- Alan Turning-England
                   2.1939-ABC (Atnaoff Berry Computer) - John Atanasoff.
                   3.1943-ENIAC-Harvard University- U.S.A
                   4.1944-mARK I-Dr. Howard Aiken-U.S.A
                   5.1947-EDSAC- Cambridge University-England
                   6.1951-UNIAC-I --U.S.A.
                                                       END